Inhalation exposure and dermal exposure
“In humans exposed to 2,4-DNP by inhalation, both the parent compound and metabolites appear to be excreted in the urine. 2,4-DNP and its metabolites have been detected in the urine of workmen who died from exposure to 2,4-DNP in the munitions industry in France; quantitative ex- posure or urinary data were not provided (Perkins 1919). In addition, a yellow staining of the skin was observed after workers perspired profusely,
indicating that 2,4-DNP was excreted in the sweat. As discussed in Section 2.3.1.1, a metabolite of 2,4-DNP, 2-amino-6nitropheno1, was commonly detected in the urine of such workmen; quantitative data were not provided (Perkins 1919). In a case of fatal occupational 2,4-DNP poisoning in the U.S., the urine contained 2.08 g/L of 2,4-DNP and 50 mg/L of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol (Gisclard and Woodward 1946). In both occupational studies, expo- sure may have occurred by the dermal as well as inhalation routes.”